The authors argue that population structure per se is not a problem in genome-wide association studies — the true sources are the environment and the genetic background, and the latter is greatly ...

2 Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland Correspondence to Dr Norbert Baume, Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, ...

Unmeasured confounding variables are a common problem in drawing causal inferences in observational studies. A theorem is given which in certain circumstances allows the researcher to draw conclusions ...